& Revision Information: This manual supersedes V2.6
Date: September 2000
" Operating System: OpenVMS V6.2 thru 7.3
Note: Part of the Freeware Software
G The OpenVMS Freeware CD-ROM contains free software tools and utilities E to aid software developers in creating applications and managing and using OpenVMS systems.
E Many of these tools are popular packages already widely known and in F use, while others are internally developed Compaq tools our engineers H are making available to our OpenVMS customers. For example, the OpenVMS H Freeware CD-ROM includes Bliss-32 for OpenVMS VAX, Bliss-32 for OpenVMS " AXP, and Bliss-64 for OpenVMS AXP.
- Disclaimer on Testing, Quality, and Licensing
H The OpenVMS Freeware for VAX and AXP Systems CD-ROM is provided "AS IS" F without warranty. Compaq imposes no restrictions on its distribution, E nor on the redistribution of anything on it. Be aware, however, that G some of the packages on the CD-ROM may carry restrictions on their use F imposed by the original authors. Therefore, you should carefully read , the documentation accompanying the products.
F COMPAQ COMPUTER Corporation is providing this software free of charge F and without warranty. Included in the [FREEWARE] directory on this CD E are the GNU software licenses. Unless otherwise stated in sources or F source packages, the GNU licenses cover all software supplied on this CD.
A Compaq makes no claims about the quality of this software. It is + provided to the customer as a free service.
B The Disk / File utilities is a tool developed to help finding and C solving disk , directory and file problems. The usage of low-level C VMS-I/O features have resulted in a powerfull and high-performance G utility. Also, DFU provides many features which are not available with normal DCL commands.
B DFU supports all types of disk sets which comply to the VMS ODS-2 F standard such as volume sets, stripe sets, shadow sets and RAID sets, ; and combinations of these. Spiralog disks are NOT supported
F DFU also supports the new Extended File Specifications (also known as 3 ODS-5) which is introduced in VMS 7.3 (Alpha-only).
! DFU is fully Year-2000 compliant. 5 1.1 Support on DFU
: Although there is no official support on DFU you may mail < questions/remarks/bug reports to the author via internet at:
ton.dorland@compaq.com.
: 1.2 General description
> DFU provides the following functions (in alphabetical order) :
B Each function is described in detail in the corresponding chapter.
> DFU is supported on OpenVMS V6.2 through V7.3 (VAX and Alpha). K 1.3 New features and bugfixes of V2.7-A
H This version of DFU offers some improved and new features, as well as a G couple of bugfixes. If you are using DFU on VMS 7.2/7.3 it is strongly $ recommended to install this version.
( The table below lists all new features :
+ The following bugs and problems are fixed :
B 1.4 Restrictions and Parameters
( The DFU program has a few restrictions :
C The following minimum process quotas are recommended for DFU usage:
E If you use DFU on volume sets with a large number of members you may 1 need to increase the SYSGEN parameter CHANNELCNT.
E If you use the directory command on very large directory files (> H 1000 blocks) and run into errors you may need to increase the following parameters:
E Do not change parameters unless you run into errors such as EXCEEDED ) QUOTA or INSUFFICIENT WORKING SET LIMITS. G 1.5 Restrictions on FAST-IO features
E VMS 7.1 introduced a way to improve I/O performance, called FAST-IO. H This feature does only work on Alpha. DFU will try to perform directory @ processing using FAST-IO. If this fails DFU will switch back to E 'normal' I/O. To enable FAST-IO the following conditions must be met:
H If DFU can use FAST-IO then commands such as DIR/ALIAS, DIR/VERSION and 6 VERIFY/DIR will gain a 10-15% performance improvement.
D This chapter describes the installation procedure and other actions which must be taken to run DFU. = 2.1 Installation procedure
C DFU must be installed with the PRODUCT INSTALL utility. During the 0 installation PRODUCT INSTALL does the following:
/ The DFU utility in fact contains just 2 files :
= The installation no longer offers an opportunity for private H installation. If you don't want DFU to be available systemwide you must B manually move DFU.EXE and the help file to your private directory.
F To install DFU log in into a privileged account. Next, copy the .PCSI G installation kit to disk:[directory] (may be anywhere on your system). H Note that there are two different kits, one for the VAX and one for the < Alpha architecture, named DEC-VAXVMS-DFU-V0207-A-1.PCSI and @ DEC-AXPVMS-DFU-V0207-A-1.PCSI. Next enter the following command:
. $ Product Install DFU/SOURCE=disk:[directory] ) The following product has been selected: DEC VAXVMS DFU V2.7-A Do you want to continue? [YES]
0 If you enter YES the installation will proceed :
? *** DEC VAXVMS DFU V2.7-A: Disk and File Utilities for OpenVMS ? Do you want all the default values for this product? [YES]
F If you enter YES DFU will be installed with all manuals. If you enter F NO you will be prompted for the manuals you want to install. Finally, 5 Product Install will continue with the installation :
, %PCSIUI-I-DONEASK, execution phase starting ) The following product will be installed: DEC VAXVMS DFU V2.7-A H %PCSI-I-VOLINFO, estimated space information for volume DISK$OPENVMSVAX : -PCSI-I-VOLSPC, 93 required; 373793 available; 373700 net 6 Portion Done: 0%...10%...20%...30%...70%...80%...100% * The following product has been installed: DEC VAXVMS DFU V2.7-A
: If you installed DFU system wide you may manually execute B SYS$STARTUP:DFU$STARTUP.COM on any node in the cluster. Executing A DFU$STARTUP.COM adds DFU.EXE to the installed file list and thus E improves performance. if you want DFU Installed each time the system D boots you must add the command @SYS$STARTUP:DFU$STARTUP to the file SYS$STARTUP:SYSTARTUP_VMS.COM.
D Next you must grant any DFU user including yourself the DFU_ALLPRIV G identifiers if they must be able to use all DFU functions. See chapter ' 2.2 for the meaning of this identifier. : 2.2 Security and access
D DFU has some functions which must not be made available for general G usage. Therefore DFU has a certain group of commands which require the > user to be granted the DFU_ALLPRIV qualifier. The DFU_ALLPRIV E identifier is created during the installation procedure. To enable a F user to perform these special functions the system manager must grant this identifier as follows :
$ mc authorize & UAF> grant/id DFU_ALLPRIV username
G If the DFU_ALLPRIV identifier is not granted then the functions listed below cannot be performed :
E Note that this behaviour is different from previous versions of DFU. H Some commands which required the DFU_ALLPRIV identifier on previous DFU = versions have been removed from the list above. It is highly A recommended that the DFU_ALLPRIV identifier is only granted to a limited number of users.
2 All DFU functions need SYSPRV or BYPASS privilege.
% IMPORTANT *** IMPORTANT *** IMPORTANT
E Please note that the DFU$STARTUP.COM procedure installs DFU.EXE with F BYPASS privilege. Because of the new SPAWN command you must not grant H non-privileged users the DFU_ALLPRIV identifier. Otherwise they can get H the BYPASS privilege simply by using the SPAWN command. As a workaround C you can change the DFU$STARTUP.COM procedure to remove the /BYPASS # privilege from the INSTALL command. 2 2.3 Running DFU
To run DFU you can enter :
$ RUN disk:[mydir]DFU
$ or (if DFU is installed systemwide):
$ MC DFU
8 You can also define and use a symbol for DFU as follows:
$ DFU == "$disk:[dir]DFU" $ DFU
DFU now prompts with :
3 Disk and File Utilities for OpenVMS DFU V2.7-A Freeware version 3 Copyright (C) 2000 COMPAQ COMPUTER Corporation DFU>
G You can now enter DFU commands. HELP gives you online help. After each C command DFU returns to the DFU> prompt. You can recall and edit E commands, just as with DCL (20 commands will be stored in the recall G buffer). Use EXIT or CTRL/Z to leave DFU. If you use a symbol for DFU, @ you also process a single command and return to DCL immediately:
$DFU SEARCH disk/qualifiers
E During a DFU run, you can interrupt DFU with CTRL/C or CTRL/Y. These G interrupts are caught by DFU to allow a correct rundown of the current B command. It may therefore take some time before DFU responds to a CTRL/C or Y interrupt. B 2.4 Using an indirect file list
@ There are 3 commands, DIRECTORY, DEFRAG and SET which accept an H indirect file as input parameter. This is achieved by using the @ sign. F An indirect file is a file containing a list of valid filenames (each F line in such a file must contain exactly one filename). Such indirect ; files can be the output file of the DFU Search command eg.:
$ DFU 0 DFU> SEARCH mydisk/CHAR=DIRECTORY/OUTPUT=x.x DFU> DIRECTORY/COMPRESS @x.x
C DFU uses SMG (Screen management routines) to perform output for an F interactive DFU session. This chapter describes the layout of the DFU F screen, the special commands used only in the SMG interface and other ( items with respect to the SMG interface. = 3.1 Enabling/Disabling SMG
C DFU automatically selects SMG output if you run an interactive DFU H session on a terminal or workstation which supports SMG. In a batch job H or a non-DEC terminal DFU will use normal line oriented output. You can F explicitly disable SMG by defining the logical DFU$NOSMG to any value. T 3.2 Automatic switching between SMG and Line mode
D You may prefer to perform interactive DFU sessions in SMG mode, and G single DFU commands in normal line mode. This can be done by using the command procedure listed below:
0 $! Procedure to switch beteen SMG and line mode $ DFU = "$DFU" $ if p1 .eqs. "" $ then $!Interactive session $ $ define/user sys$input sys$command $ dfu $ else $!Single command so disable SMG $ define/user dfu$nosmg x . $ dfu 'p1' 'p2' 'p3' 'p4' 'p5' 'p6' 'p7' 'p8' $ endif $ exit
? 3.3 Layout of the SMG screen
0 After starting DFU the screen looks as follows :
T +-----------------------< DFU V2.7-A (Freeware) >---------------------------+ N | | N | Disk and File Utilities for OpenVMS DFU V2.7-A | N | Freeware version | N | Copyright © 2000 COMPAQ COMPUTER Corporation | N | | N | DFU functions are : | N | | N | DEFRAGMENT : Defragment files | N | DELETE : Delete files by File-ID; delete directory (trees) | N | DIRECTORY : Manipulate directories | N | REPORT : Generate a complete disk report | N | SEARCH : Fast file search | N | SET : Modify file attributes | N | UNDELETE : Recover deleted files | N | VERIFY : Check and repair disk structure | N | | N | | N +----------------------------------Statistics-------------------------------+ N | | N | | N +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ N DFU>
' This screen is divided into 3 sections:
> 3.4 Special Screen commands
: In SMG mode the following keys perform special functions :
H Although only some 20 lines are visible in the output (main) screen DFU D in fact remembers 500 output lines. You can scroll back and forward D through one screen with the NEXT and PREV SCREEN keys, and one line G with the REMOVE and INSERT HERE keys. At the beginning of each new DFU command these lines are cleared.
A If you execute a command which produces a lot of output, you can 1 paginate the output by using the /PAGE qualifier.
G On a workstation with DECwindows/Motif you can change the DECterm size = to be more than the standard 24 lines. DFU's SMG screen will : automatically adjust to the screen size of such a DecTerm.
3 3.5 Side effects
H There are a few side effects when using SMG mode. CTRL/C and CTRL/Y are D catched but not echoed. Also all broadcast messages are trapped and C will be displayed in the main screen at the end of the current DFU H command. Sometimes this may slightly disrupt the main screen, which can be repaired with the CTRL/W key.
? Further, during the execution of a DFU command the cursor will F disappear. After the command finishes the cursor will reappear at the DFU> prompt.
A Note : this chapter is meant for first time users of DFU. If you ; already used DFU before you may probably skip this chapter.
F This chapter gives a brief overview of the commands which can be used ? with DFU, and how they can provide the system manager with the necessary information.
C One of most common actions by a system manager is trying to locate F specific files eg. files with a certain file size. Although a lot can D be done with the VMS DIRECTORY command this can be a time consuming E process, especially if the complete disk must be scanned. The SEARCH D command of DFU is exactly meant for this situation. It gives a very H quick list of specific files, with their size, and if needed the number 4 of file fragments. Some useful SEARCH commands are :
? DFU> SEARCH disk/SIZE=MINIMUM=1000 (files > 1000 blocks) 9 DFU> SEARCH disk/IDENT=SYSTEM (files owned by SYSTEM) K DFU> SEARCH disk/FRAGMENT=MINIMUM=10 (files with at least 10 fragments) > DFU> SEARCH disk/CHAR=MARKED (all files marked for delete) P DFU> SEARCH disk/CREATED=SINCE=YESTERDAY (all files created since YESTERDAY)
H Of course these qualifiers can be combined to narrow the search. As the G SEARCH command scans INDEXF.SYS, not directories, the output generated G by SEARCH may look a bit random (but it is just the order in which the G file headers are in the INDEXF.SYS file). To smooth the output use the /SORT qualifier.
H Another important action for a system manager is to gather some overall E disk information, such as number of files, free space statistics and H fragmentation information. The REPORT command will generate such a disk B report. To get individual disk space usage information the /USAGE E qualifier can be used. This will work even if there is no disk quota enabled on the disk.
D At regular intervals a system manager may need to check a disk with D ANALYZE/DISK. The DFU VERIFY command provides more or less the same F functionality but many times faster. The /FIX qualifier provides some H REPAIR options which (unlike ANALYZE/DISK/REPAIR) do NOT lock the disk, H and thus do not interfere with other disk operations. However, the disk : can be rebuilt completely by using the /REBUILD qualifier.
B Occasionaly a user will delete the wrong file, leaving the system G manager or operator with the tedious task of restoring the file from a G backup set. The UNDELETE command may be able to recover the file if it F has not yet been overwritten with a new one. Much care has been taken H to make this command as safe as possible; therefore no disk corruptions F will be the result of an UNDELETE. If DFU encounters a problem with a + deleted file it will refuse to UNDELETE it.
H Another type of typical system manager problems deals with directories. B The DFU command DIRECTORY can handle such problems. DIRECTORY can ? generate reports about empty directories (/EMPTY qualifier) or B directories which contain files with a certain number of versions @ (/VERSION=n qualifier). Also, directories may become internally D fragmented. This can be quickly solved with the /COMPRESS qualifier.
G A second problem with directories is in deleting a directory with many H files. This may take several hours using a DCL DELETE *.* command. This D problem is solved by using DFU's DELETE/DIRECTORY command which can E delete large directories some 10 times faster than the normal DELETE A command does. Also, using DELETE/DIR/TREE will delete a complete % directory tree with just one command.
G The last 2 commands deal with individual files. SET allows settings of H some special file attributes. Since VMS V6.0 this functionality is also E provided by the DCL SET FILE/ATTRIBUTE command, but DFU's SET offers F some more options. The DEFRAG command is an interface to the MOVEFILE = function offered by VMS 5.5 and higher. This allows a simple $ defragmentation of individual files.
F The next chapters gives a detailed description of each individual DFU command.
H VMS 7.2 introduces an extension on the current ODS2 file system, called F the Extended File Specifications, or ODS-5. This feature is available D only on Alpha systems. Also, VMS 7.2 adds support for 255 levels of B subdirectories. This is often called deep-directory support. Both D features are now fully supported by DFU V2.7-A. There is no need to C perform any special action to execute DFU commands on ODS-5 disks. D Nevertheless the following points are worth to be considered before % using DFU on VMS 7.2 and ODS-5 disks:
$ SET PROCESS/PARSE=EXTENDEDF
F A DID-ed name looks like 'device:[x,y,z]file.ext'. As can be seen the H directory string has been replaced by the file id (x,y,z) of the parent directory.
F This chapter describes the DEFRAG command with the related parameters and qualifiers. 2 6.1 Description
F The DEFRAG command can be used to defragment a single file or a group H of files. You can also enter an indirect command file containing a list G of files. This feature allows you to create an output file with SEARCH # and use that as an input to DEFRAG.
D DEFRAG makes use of the file-primitive MOVEFILE function. Therefore = files which are open, or which are marked NOMOVE will not be DEFRAGmented.
5 6.2 Error messages
/ The most common errors returned by DEFRAG are :
1 Defragment a file or a list of files on the disk.
%DEFRAG file1,file2,@file...
file1,file2,@file...
E The file(s) to be defragmented. You can also use an indirect command E file (@file) which contains a list of files to be defragmented. This ? may be an output file generated with the SEARCH/OUTPUT command.
/BESTTRY
C Normally DEFRAG tries to create a contiguous file. If there is not H enough contiguous free space the operation will fail. With the /BESTTRY E qualifier DEFRAG tries to move the file with the contiguous-best-try F method. This means a maximum of 3 fragments. You should only use this E qualifier when a normal DEFRAG fails. If a DEFRAG/BESTTRY also fails H this is an indication that the disk's free space is too fragmented. Run E a REPORT to see what the largest contiguous free space is, and check # the free space fragmentation index./DEVICE
F The device on which the files reside. The device name is added to the G file name. If you generate a file list with the DFU SEARCH command you H don't need this qualifier anymore. However you may have a list of files F produced from another source and thus need to append a device name to it. Example:5 DFU> SEARCH mydisk/...../frag=min=50/output=x.x DFU> DEFRAG @x.x"/LBN=logical-block-number
H Forces a single file to be moved to the specified logical block number. : Do not use this qualifier when processing a list of files./STATISTICS
F This qualifier displays the performance statistics: CPU time, Elapsed Time, I/O and PageFaults./WRITECHECK
; Perform a writecheck on the resultant file. The default is E /NOWRITECHECK. Note that a writecheck doubles the number of involved disk I/O's.
F This chapter describes the DELETE command with the related parameters and qualifiers. 3 7.1 Introduction
. The DELETE command is designed for 2 purposes: