/*
 * Copyright 2001-2004 The Apache Software Foundation.
 * 
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 * 
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 * 
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.commons.io;

import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.CharArrayReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
import java.io.Reader;
import java.io.StringReader;
import java.io.Writer;


/**
 * <p>
 * This class provides static utility methods for buffered
 * copying between sources (<code>InputStream</code>, <code>Reader</code>, <code>String</code> and
 * <code>byte[]</code>) and destinations (<code>OutputStream</code>, <code>Writer</code>,
 * <code>String</code> and <code>byte[]</code>).
 * </p>
 *
 * <p>Unless otherwise noted, these <code>copy</code> methods do <em>not</em> flush or close the
 * streams. Often doing so would require making non-portable assumptions about the streams' origin
 * and further use. This means that both streams' <code>close()</code> methods must be called after
 * copying. if one omits this step, then the stream resources (sockets, file descriptors) are
 * released when the associated Stream is garbage-collected. It is not a good idea to rely on this
 * mechanism. For a good overview of the distinction between "memory management" and "resource
 * management", see <a href="http://www.unixreview.com/articles/1998/9804/9804ja/ja.htm">this
 * UnixReview article</a>.</p>
 *
 * <p>For byte-to-char methods, a <code>copy</code> variant allows the encoding 
 * to be selected (otherwise the platform default is used). We would like to 
 * encourage you to always specify the encoding because relying on the platform
 * default can lead to unexpected results.</p>
 *
 * <p>We don't provide special variants for the <code>copy</code> methods that
 * let you specify the buffer size because in modern VMs the impact on speed
 * seems to be minimal. We're using a default buffer size of 4 KB.</p>
 *
 * <p>The <code>copy</code> methods use an internal buffer when copying. It is therefore advisable
 * <em>not</em> to deliberately wrap the stream arguments to the <code>copy</code> methods in
 * <code>Buffered*</code> streams. For example, don't do the
 * following:</p>
 *
 * <code>copy( new BufferedInputStream( in ), new BufferedOutputStream( out ) );</code>
 *
 * <p>The rationale is as follows:</p>
 *
 * <p>Imagine that an InputStream's read() is a very expensive operation, which would usually suggest
 * wrapping in a BufferedInputStream. The BufferedInputStream works by issuing infrequent
 * {@link java.io.InputStream#read(byte[] b, int off, int len)} requests on the underlying InputStream, to
 * fill an internal buffer, from which further <code>read</code> requests can inexpensively get
 * their data (until the buffer runs out).</p>
 * <p>However, the <code>copy</code> methods do the same thing, keeping an internal buffer,
 * populated by {@link InputStream#read(byte[] b, int off, int len)} requests. Having two buffers
 * (or three if the destination stream is also buffered) is pointless, and the unnecessary buffer
 * management hurts performance slightly (about 3%, according to some simple experiments).</p>
 *
 * <p>Behold, intrepid explorers; a map of this class:</p>
 * <pre>
 *       Method      Input               Output          Dependency
 *       ------      -----               ------          -------
 * 1     copy        InputStream         OutputStream    (primitive)
 * 2     copy        Reader              Writer          (primitive)
 *
 * 3     copy        InputStream         Writer          2
 *
 * 4     copy        Reader              OutputStream    2
 *
 * 5     copy        String              OutputStream    2
 * 6     copy        String              Writer          (trivial)
 *
 * 7     copy        byte[]              Writer          3
 * 8     copy        byte[]              OutputStream    (trivial)
 *
 * 9     copy        char[]              OutputStream    4
 * 10    copy        char[]              Writer          (trivial)
 * </pre>
 *
 * <p>Note that only the first two methods shuffle bytes; the rest use these
 * two, or (if possible) copy using native Java copy methods. As there are
 * method variants to specify the encoding, each row may
 * correspond to up to 2 methods.</p>
 *
 * <p>Origin of code: Apache Avalon (Excalibur)</p>
 *
 * @author Peter Donald
 * @author Jeff Turner
 * @author Matthew Hawthorne
 * @author Stephen Colebourne
 * @version $Id: CopyUtils.java,v 1.8 2004/07/31 10:40:47 scolebourne Exp $
 */
public class CopyUtils {

    /**
     * The default buffer size to use.
     */
    private static final int DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE = 1024 * 4;

    /**
     * Instances should NOT be constructed in standard programming.
     */
    public CopyUtils() {}

    // from byte[]
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Copy bytes from a <code>byte[]</code> to an <code>OutputStream</code>.
     * 
     * @param input  the byte array to read from, do not modify during output
     * @param output  the <code>OutputStream</code> to write to
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input or output is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    public static void copy(byte[] input, OutputStream output) throws IOException {
        output.write(input);
    }

    /**
     * Copy bytes from a <code>byte[]</code> to chars on a <code>Writer</code>
     * using the default character encoding of the platform.
     * <p>
     * This method uses {@link ByteArrayInputStream} and {@link InputStreamReader}.
     * 
     * @param input  the byte array to read from, do not modify during output
     * @param output  the <code>Writer</code> to write to
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input or output is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    public static void copy(byte[] input, Writer output) throws IOException {
        ByteArrayInputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(input);
        copy(in, output);
    }

    /**
     * Copy bytes from a <code>byte[]</code> to chars on a <code>Writer</code>
     * using the specified character encoding.
     * <p>
     * Character encoding names can be found at
     * <a href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets">IANA</a>.
     * <p>
     * This method uses {@link ByteArrayInputStream} and {@link InputStreamReader}.
     * 
     * @param input  the byte array to read from, do not modify during output
     * @param output  the <code>Writer</code> to write to
     * @param encoding  the encoding to use, null means platform default
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input or output is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    public static void copy(byte[] input, Writer output, String encoding) throws IOException {
        ByteArrayInputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(input);
        copy(in, output, encoding);
    }

    // from InputStream
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Copy bytes from an <code>InputStream</code> to an <code>OutputStream</code>.
     * 
     * @param input  the <code>InputStream</code> to read from
     * @param output  the <code>OutputStream</code> to write to
     * @return the number of bytes copied
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input or output is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    public static int copy(InputStream input, OutputStream output) throws IOException {
        byte[] buffer = new byte[DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE];
        int count = 0;
        int n = 0;
        while (-1 != (n = input.read(buffer))) {
            output.write(buffer, 0, n);
            count += n;
        }
        return count;
    }

    /**
     * Copy bytes from an <code>InputStream</code> to chars on a <code>Writer</code>
     * using the default character encoding of the platform.
     * <p>
     * This method uses {@link InputStreamReader}.
     * 
     * @param input  the <code>InputStream</code> to read from
     * @param output  the <code>Writer</code> to write to
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input or output is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    public static void copy(InputStream input, Writer output) throws IOException {
        InputStreamReader in = new InputStreamReader(input);
        copy(in, output);
    }

    /**
     * Copy bytes from an <code>InputStream</code> to chars on a <code>Writer</code>
     * using the specified character encoding.
     * <p>
     * Character encoding names can be found at
     * <a href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets">IANA</a>.
     * <p>
     * This method uses {@link InputStreamReader}.
     * 
     * @param input  the <code>InputStream</code> to read from
     * @param output  the <code>Writer</code> to write to
     * @param encoding  the encoding to use, null means platform default
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input or output is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    public static void copy(InputStream input, Writer output, String encoding) throws IOException {
        if (encoding == null) {
            copy(input, output);
        } else {
            InputStreamReader in = new InputStreamReader(input, encoding);
            copy(in, output);
        }
    }

    // from char[]
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Copy chars from a <code>char[]</code> to a <code>Writer</code>
     * using the default character encoding of the platform.
     * <p>
     * This method uses {@link CharArrayReader}.
     * 
     * @param input  the char array to read from, do not modify during output
     * @param output  the <code>Writer</code> to write to
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input or output is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    public static void copy(char[] input, Writer output) throws IOException {
        output.write(input);
    }

    /**
     * Copy chars from a <code>char[]</code> to bytes on an <code>OutputStream</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method uses {@link CharArrayReader} and {@link OutputStreamWriter}.
     * 
     * @param input  the char array to read from, do not modify during output
     * @param output  the <code>OutputStream</code> to write to
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input or output is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    public static void copy(char[] input, OutputStream output) throws IOException {
        CharArrayReader in = new CharArrayReader(input);
        copy(in, output);
    }

    /**
     * Copy chars from a <code>char[]</code> to bytes on an <code>OutputStream</code>
     * using the specified character encoding.
     * <p>
     * Character encoding names can be found at
     * <a href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets">IANA</a>.
     * <p>
     * This method uses {@link CharArrayReader} and {@link OutputStreamWriter}.
     * 
     * @param input  the char array to read from, do not modify during output
     * @param output  the <code>OutputStream</code> to write to
     * @param encoding  the encoding to use, null means platform default
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input or output is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    public static void copy(char[] input, OutputStream output, String encoding) throws IOException {
        CharArrayReader in = new CharArrayReader(input);
        copy(in, output, encoding);
    }

    // from Reader
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Copy chars from a <code>Reader</code> to a <code>Writer</code>.
     * 
     * @param input  the <code>Reader</code> to read from
     * @param output  the <code>Writer</code> to write to
     * @return the number of characters copied
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input or output is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    public static int copy(Reader input, Writer output) throws IOException {
        char[] buffer = new char[DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE];
        int count = 0;
        int n = 0;
        while (-1 != (n = input.read(buffer))) {
            output.write(buffer, 0, n);
            count += n;
        }
        return count;
    }

    /**
     * Copy chars from a <code>Reader</code> to bytes on an <code>OutputStream</code>
     * using the default character encoding of the platform, and calling flush.
     * <p>
     * Due to the implementation of OutputStreamWriter, this method performs a flush.
     * <p>
     * This method uses {@link OutputStreamWriter}.
     * 
     * @param input  the <code>Reader</code> to read from
     * @param output  the <code>OutputStream</code> to write to
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input or output is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    public static void copy(Reader input, OutputStream output) throws IOException {
        OutputStreamWriter out = new OutputStreamWriter(output);
        copy(input, out);
        // XXX Unless anyone is planning on rewriting OutputStreamWriter, we have to flush here.
        out.flush();
    }

    /**
     * Copy chars from a <code>Reader</code> to bytes on an <code>OutputStream</code>
     * using the specified character encoding, and calling flush.
     * <p>
     * Character encoding names can be found at
     * <a href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets">IANA</a>.
     * <p>
     * Due to the implementation of OutputStreamWriter, this method performs a flush.
     * <p>
     * This method uses {@link OutputStreamWriter}.
     * 
     * @param input  the <code>Reader</code> to read from
     * @param output  the <code>OutputStream</code> to write to
     * @param encoding  the encoding to use, null means platform default
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input or output is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    public static void copy(Reader input, OutputStream output, String encoding) throws IOException {
        if (encoding == null) {
            copy(input, output);
        } else {
            OutputStreamWriter out = new OutputStreamWriter(output, encoding);
            copy(input, out);
            // XXX Unless anyone is planning on rewriting OutputStreamWriter, we have to flush here.
            out.flush();
        }
    }

    // from String
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Copy chars from a <code>String</code> to a <code>Writer</code>.
     * 
     * @param input  the <code>String</code> to read from
     * @param output  the <code>Writer</code> to write to
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input or output is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    public static void copy(String input, Writer output) throws IOException {
        output.write(input);
    }

    /**
     * Copy chars from a <code>String</code> to bytes on an <code>OutputStream</code>
     * using the default character encoding of the platform, and calling flush.
     * <p>
     * Due to the implementation of OutputStreamWriter, this method performs a flush.
     * <p>
     * This method uses {@link StringReader} and {@link OutputStreamWriter}.
     * 
     * @param input  the <code>String</code> to read from
     * @param output  the <code>OutputStream</code> to write to
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input or output is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    public static void copy(String input, OutputStream output) throws IOException {
        StringReader in = new StringReader(input);
        OutputStreamWriter out = new OutputStreamWriter(output);
        copy(in, out);
        // XXX Unless anyone is planning on rewriting OutputStreamWriter, we have to flush here.
        out.flush();
    }

    /**
     * Copy chars from a <code>String</code> to bytes on an <code>OutputStream</code>
     * using the specified character encoding, and calling flush.
     * <p>
     * Character encoding names can be found at
     * <a href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets">IANA</a>.
     * <p>
     * Due to the implementation of OutputStreamWriter, this method performs a flush.
     * <p>
     * This method uses {@link StringReader} and {@link OutputStreamWriter}.
     * 
     * @param input  the <code>String</code> to read from
     * @param output  the <code>OutputStream</code> to write to
     * @param encoding  the encoding to use, null means platform default
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input or output is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    public static void copy(String input, OutputStream output, String encoding) throws IOException {
        if (encoding == null) {
            copy(input, output);
        } else {
            StringReader in = new StringReader(input);
            OutputStreamWriter out = new OutputStreamWriter(output, encoding);
            copy(in, out);
            // XXX Unless anyone is planning on rewriting OutputStreamWriter, we have to flush here.
            out.flush();
        }
    }

}