 \documentstyle{article}  % ' % Redefine some things for descriptions  % I % \DesSize{longtext} should be executed before each description.  It sets : % the item indentation to suit the longest element's size. % < \newlength{\DesWidthMin}		% Default minimum item indentation< \newlength{\DesWidthMax}		% Default maximum item indentationF \setlength{\DesWidthMin}{\descriptionmargin}	% Set minimum item indentB \setlength{\DesWidthMax}{.25\linewidth}		% Set maximum item indent@ \newcommand{\DesSize}[1]{\settowidth{\descriptionmargin}{{#1~~}})   \ifdim \descriptionmargin >\DesWidthMaxA- 	\setlength{\descriptionmargin}{\DesWidthMax}a   \fis)   \ifdim \descriptionmargin <\DesWidthMinh- 	\setlength{\descriptionmargin}{\DesWidthMin}r   \fi  } - \renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{#1\hfill}a \renewcommand{\section}[1]{o+   \begin{center} \large \underline{#1} \paru   \end{center} }o \begin{document}% \vskip 20pt				% To adjust centering.e  \begin{center} {\Large ! Women's Self-Defense Training: \\o0 Effects Upon Behaviors and Efficacy Expectancies$ \par}					% Set title in \huge size..    \vskip 3em				% Vertical space after title. {\large D. R. Smith \par } \end{center}
 \vskip 5em \section{Introduction}? Rape impacts all women:  raped women and women fearful of rape.t? Woomen adapt many strategies for coping with the threat of rapey and recovering from past rapes.a  B Women adopt many strategies for coping with the threat of rape andB recovering from past rapes.   Some restrict their activities, some? deny their fears, some attempt to gain a degree of control overrA the threat.  Acquiring self-defense skills against sexual assaultoD is one method for developing some control.  This study evaluated oneA self-defense training program.  The question organizing the studyu< was how such training affected women's behaviors, fears, and! strategies for resisting assault.   B Attention to women's behaviors does not imply that the victims are? responsible for, nor always able to prevent rape.  Self-defense B training remains just one aspect of rape prevention policy and one= way for women to gain some sense of control over this threat.uD As long as men continue to rape, such control can never be complete.  B Self-defense training doesn't prescribe how to react in an assaultA situation: it only gives the woman a larger repitorie of options.lB Only the woman under attack can evaluate the situation and respond= accordingly.  Self-defense training, by showing a wider rangeI< of alternatives, and offering an opportunity to practice in,A and gain confidence with, these alternatives, provides women withd5 skills that may allow them to exercise control over at threating situation.  > Until recently, little was known about women's behavior during> rape.Instead, most energy was put into studies of male rapists: and women's post-assault reactions.  Three recent research3 projects (Bart, 1981; McIntyre, 1980; Queen's Bench 7 Foundation, 1976) have sought out and interviewed womeneB who were sexually assaulted in order to understand how these women# had responded during their attacks.f Of special interest were \begin{itemize}o? \item variables that correlated with attempted completed rapes.o/ \item how effective was the woman's resistance.o
 \end{itemize}kD Though each study had methodological weaknesses, their findings were' relatively consistent across all three:y \begin{itemize}L+ \item Women have successfully avoided rape.y< \item Assertive resistances correlated with rape deterrance.
 \end[itemize}T  @ While fighting, screaming, running, speaking assertively did notE always prevent rape, such assertive behaviors correlated with a lowern> likelihood that the assault would be completed.  These studies? also noted a positive relationship between assertive resistanceR@ and injury (though docility provided no guarantee against injury> and lack of assertive resistances also correlated with greater- sexual abuse beyond the abuse of rape itself. : Though there were no absolutes or rules across situations, \marginpar{unclear}.@ the willingness to resist aggressively, as well as possibly risk( injury, were related to rape deterrence.  > This study evaluated one self-defense training program.  Women; take training to learn to protect themselves, and effectivet6 training should teach participants those attitudes and6 skills that the research record has shown to correlate# positively with assault deterrence.N  : First, women could decrease their likelihood of assault by> observing safety precautions and practicing vigilant behavior.@ Second, Women could develop the ability and willingness to react assertively when assaulted.!  F Measurement of likelihood of assault was achieved through self-reports@ of a range of precautionary behaviors, both in the community and? in the home (adapted from a questionnaire by Riger, Gordon, andlD LeBailly, 1982).  Of interest were women's perceptions of both their? avoidance (limiting exposure to high-risk situations) and theirs4 vigilance (acting to manage risks when encountered).  ? Women's willingness to aggressively respond to an assailant wasrD more difficult to operationalize.  An original measure was developedD based on Bandura's (1982) self-efficacy theory.  The index assessed,> across three assault situations, woman's self-reported outcomeB expectencies (beliefs that certain behaviors would lead to assault; deterrence) and self-efficacy expectancies (beliefs that an:? individual could successfully perform such behaviors in assault  situations).D Factor analysis of this measure yielded tow main types of resistance strategies:T  \DesSize{``assertive behavior''} \begin{descripton} \item[``assertive behavior'']  \end{document}  